亚洲 欧美 激情 小说 另类,性欧美丰满熟妇XXXX性久久久,欧美丰满一区二区免费视频,欧美成人午夜无码A片秀色直播,欧美疯狂做受BBBBBB,成人欧美一区二区三区黑人免费,久久夜色精品国产欧美乱极品,欧美性猛交,欧美乱妇日本无乱码特黄大片,高清欧美性猛交XXXX黑人猛交,欧美啪啪

相關(guān)服務(wù)
載體構(gòu)建 
質(zhì)粒DNA制備 
病毒包裝服務(wù) 
mRNA基因遞送解決方案 
CRISPR基因編輯解決方案 
shRNA基因敲低解決方案 

哺乳動(dòng)物CAR表達(dá)慢病毒載體

概述

利用嵌合抗原受體 (Chimeric antigen receptor,CAR) 載體生產(chǎn)可識(shí)別腫瘤相關(guān)抗原的工程T細(xì)胞(也稱為CAR T細(xì)胞)已成為一種極富前景的癌癥治療工具。在 CAR T細(xì)胞免疫療法中,來(lái)自患者(自體)或健康供體(同種異體)的T細(xì)胞經(jīng)過(guò)改造表達(dá)CAR。CAR受體可以靶向識(shí)別腫瘤細(xì)胞表面抗原,活化T細(xì)胞使其發(fā)揮免疫作用以幫助殺傷腫瘤細(xì)胞。

CAR受體的結(jié)構(gòu)由四個(gè)主要部分組成:(1)一個(gè)胞外抗原識(shí)別結(jié)構(gòu)域,由已知特異性的抗體的單鏈可變區(qū)片段 (Single chain variable fragment,scFv) 組成。 scFv促進(jìn)抗原結(jié)合,包含一個(gè)輕鏈可變區(qū)片段和一個(gè)特異的單克隆抗體的重鏈片段,兩者通過(guò)一個(gè)柔性的肽鏈相連;(2)一個(gè)位于胞外的鉸鏈區(qū)或間隔區(qū),將scFv與CAR的跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域連接起來(lái),并為CAR的結(jié)構(gòu)提供靈活性和穩(wěn)定性;(3)跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域,將 CAR 錨定在質(zhì)膜上,從而將胞外的鉸鏈區(qū)和抗原結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域同細(xì)胞內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)域關(guān)聯(lián)起來(lái)。它在增強(qiáng)受體表達(dá)和穩(wěn)定性方面起著關(guān)鍵作用;(4)胞內(nèi)信號(hào)域,通常源自T細(xì)胞受體的CD3 zeta 鏈并包含免疫受體酪氨酸激活基序(Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif,ITAM)??乖Y(jié)合CAR后,ITAM被磷酸化并激活下游信號(hào)傳導(dǎo),從而導(dǎo)致T細(xì)胞的后續(xù)活化。此外,該胞內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)域還可以引入一個(gè)或多個(gè)與CD3 zeta信號(hào)域串聯(lián)的共刺激域(來(lái)源于CD28、CD137等),以改善T細(xì)胞增殖效率和活化的持久性。

CAR的結(jié)構(gòu)在過(guò)去幾年中隨著對(duì)胞內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)域的修改而不斷發(fā)展。第一代CAR僅包含一個(gè)衍生于CD3 zeta鏈的信號(hào)域。雖然這種CAR可以激活T細(xì)胞,但是由于表達(dá)此類CAR的T細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞毒性和增殖能力偏低,它們?cè)隗w內(nèi)的抗腫瘤活性并不理想。第二代CAR除了包含一個(gè)CD3 zeta信號(hào)域,還具有一個(gè)胞內(nèi)的共刺激域,因此表達(dá)第二代CAR的T細(xì)胞顯著改善了其體內(nèi)增殖能力、擴(kuò)增能力和活化的持久性。為了進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化CAR T細(xì)胞的抗腫瘤功效,第三代CAR除了CD3 zeta外,還引入了兩個(gè)胞內(nèi)順式作用的共刺激結(jié)構(gòu)域。此后,通過(guò)修飾胞內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)域以進(jìn)行誘導(dǎo)表達(dá)或組成型表達(dá)細(xì)胞因子,第四代CAR從第二代CAR開發(fā)獲得。第五代和最新一代CAR也是從第二代CAR衍生而來(lái),整合了細(xì)胞因子受體的胞內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)域。

我們的CAR表達(dá)慢病毒載體可用于生產(chǎn)慢病毒并高效地向T細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)CAR表達(dá)盒。CAR表達(dá)慢病毒載體首先在大腸桿菌中進(jìn)行克隆,其中CAR表達(dá)盒包含scFV結(jié)構(gòu)域、鉸鏈區(qū)、跨膜區(qū)和胞內(nèi)CD3 zeta信號(hào)源、共刺激域,并位于慢病毒載體的兩個(gè)長(zhǎng)末端重復(fù)序列(Long terminal repeats,LTR)之間。慢病毒載體構(gòu)建完成后與輔助質(zhì)粒一起轉(zhuǎn)染進(jìn)入包裝細(xì)胞。在包裝細(xì)胞中,位于兩個(gè)LTR之間的DNA片段會(huì)被轉(zhuǎn)錄成RNA,由輔助質(zhì)粒表達(dá)的病毒蛋白將其包裝形成病毒顆粒。包裝后的活體病毒將會(huì)被釋放到上清液中,可以直接收集或進(jìn)一步濃縮病毒轉(zhuǎn)染靶細(xì)胞。

當(dāng)病毒轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)靶細(xì)胞時(shí),釋放到宿主細(xì)胞中的病毒RNA借助逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶逆轉(zhuǎn)錄成雙鏈DNA,然后隨機(jī)整合進(jìn)宿主細(xì)胞的基因組中。在病毒載體中,位于兩個(gè)LTR的DNA片段和病毒基因組都會(huì)穩(wěn)定整合到靶細(xì)胞的基因組中。

通過(guò)改造優(yōu)化,我們的慢病毒載體刪除了與病毒包裝和轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)相關(guān)的基因(這些基因由輔助質(zhì)粒進(jìn)行表達(dá),用于病毒包裝過(guò)程),使產(chǎn)生的慢病毒顆粒是復(fù)制缺陷型的。即包裝的病毒只具有轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)靶細(xì)胞的能力,而無(wú)法在靶細(xì)胞中進(jìn)行大量復(fù)制,因而具有很高的生物安全性。

關(guān)于該載體系統(tǒng)的更多信息,請(qǐng)參考以下文獻(xiàn)。

參考文獻(xiàn)主題
Br J Cancer. 120:26 (2019)Review on next-generation CAR T cells
Mol Ther Oncolytics. 3:16014 (2016)Review on CAR models
Sci Transl Med. 3: 95ra73 (2011)Lentivirus-mediated CAR expression for treating chronic lymphocytic leukemia
J Immunother. 32:689 (2009)Construction and pre-clinical evaluation of an anti-CD19 CAR
Mol Ther. 17:1453 (2009)In vivo characterization of chimeric receptors containing CD137 signal transduction domains
亮點(diǎn)

我們的CAR表達(dá)慢病毒載體適用于第三代慢病毒系統(tǒng),可進(jìn)行第二代CAR表達(dá)。經(jīng)優(yōu)化,該載體在大腸桿菌體內(nèi)具有很高的拷貝數(shù),包裝的活病毒具有很高的滴度,對(duì)大多數(shù)宿主細(xì)胞具有高效的轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)能力,能有效地把載體整合到靶細(xì)胞基因組并實(shí)現(xiàn)外源基因的高水平表達(dá)。

試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證

圖1 通過(guò)使用表達(dá)CAR的Jurkat細(xì)胞和表達(dá)CD19的靶細(xì)胞(Ramos細(xì)胞)檢測(cè)表面CD69分子的上調(diào),驗(yàn)證活化的CAR誘導(dǎo)的T細(xì)胞。(A)攜帶靶向CD19的CAR基因的慢病毒轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)Jurkat細(xì)胞,與表達(dá)CD19的Ramos細(xì)胞共同培養(yǎng)。與CD19結(jié)合的Jurkat細(xì)胞被激活,表現(xiàn)出CD69表面抗原上調(diào)表達(dá)。(B)孵育后流式細(xì)胞術(shù)分析CAR jurkat細(xì)胞的激活程度。與CD19+Ramos細(xì)胞(藍(lán)色)共同培養(yǎng)后的CAR jurkat細(xì)胞顯著增加了CD69的表達(dá)量,表明Jurkat細(xì)胞在CAR介導(dǎo)下被激活。

優(yōu)勢(shì)

CAR表達(dá)盒的穩(wěn)定整合:常規(guī)質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染只能實(shí)現(xiàn)CAR的瞬時(shí)表達(dá),這種質(zhì)粒會(huì)隨著宿主細(xì)胞的分裂而不斷丟失,在快速分裂的細(xì)胞中顯得尤為顯著。相反,慢病毒轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)能穩(wěn)定地將CAR表達(dá)盒整合到細(xì)胞的染色體中,使其可以長(zhǎng)期表達(dá)CAR。

滴度高:我們的病毒載體可以包裝出高滴度的病毒。我們提供的病毒包裝服務(wù),病毒滴度可以達(dá)到>109 TU/ml。在這樣的病毒滴度下,如果選擇合適的劑量去轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)體外培養(yǎng)的哺乳動(dòng)物細(xì)胞,則轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)效率可接近100%。

高轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)效率:慢病毒對(duì)T細(xì)胞表現(xiàn)出良好的轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)效率。在開發(fā)基于慢病毒的CAR T細(xì)胞時(shí),為達(dá)到臨床注射的細(xì)胞數(shù)量要求,來(lái)自患者的少數(shù)T細(xì)胞需要被方便地轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)和擴(kuò)增。

自定義啟動(dòng)子:我們的慢病毒載體已經(jīng)過(guò)優(yōu)化,其5' LTR的啟動(dòng)子已進(jìn)行了自失活。用戶可以自定義啟動(dòng)子驅(qū)動(dòng)CAR表達(dá)。這相對(duì)于只能依賴自身5' LTR啟動(dòng)子驅(qū)動(dòng)CAR表達(dá)的MMLV載體來(lái)說(shuō)是一個(gè)巨大的優(yōu)勢(shì)。

基因拷貝數(shù)相對(duì)均一:通常情況下,采用病毒轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的方式可以比較均一的將外源基因轉(zhuǎn)入靶細(xì)胞中,而傳統(tǒng)的質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染則呈現(xiàn)出較高的不均一性,導(dǎo)致某些細(xì)胞會(huì)獲得較多拷貝質(zhì)粒而某些則會(huì)獲得較少甚至完全沒有。

體內(nèi)外實(shí)驗(yàn)均有效:我們的載體不僅擁有良好的體外細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)能力,同樣適用于體內(nèi)活體動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)。

安全性:我們的病毒載體系統(tǒng)具備了以下兩大特點(diǎn),因而具有非常高的安全性。一、病毒包裝和轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)所必需的基因由三個(gè)輔助質(zhì)粒分開表達(dá)。二、5' LTR的啟動(dòng)子自失活。因此,在進(jìn)行病毒包裝和病毒轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的時(shí)候不會(huì)產(chǎn)生具有復(fù)制能力的病毒顆粒,使用我們的載體對(duì)人體的健康威脅也是最低的。

不足之處

載體容量受限:野生型的慢病毒基因組大小約為9.2 kb,而在我們的慢病毒載體中,病毒包裝和轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的必要元件約為2.8 kb,余下6.4 kb的空間容納客戶的目的序列。當(dāng)病毒載體超過(guò)以上大小限制,病毒的包裝滴度可能會(huì)降低。我們的CAR表達(dá)慢病毒載體除了CAR序列外,還包含有其他功能性元件如啟動(dòng)子、抗藥基因等,因此會(huì)超過(guò)6.4 kb的默認(rèn)容量限制,導(dǎo)致滴度受到一定影響。

插入突變風(fēng)險(xiǎn):由于CAR表達(dá)慢病毒載體序列可以插入細(xì)胞基因組,因此存在一定的插入突變風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。然而對(duì)比逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒,這種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)會(huì)相對(duì)低。逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒的生成的DNA序列有插入基因轉(zhuǎn)錄起始位點(diǎn)附近和原癌基因的傾向。

技術(shù)復(fù)雜:使用慢病毒載體時(shí),需要在包裝細(xì)胞中產(chǎn)生活病毒,然后測(cè)定病毒滴度。因此慢病毒轉(zhuǎn)染相對(duì)于常規(guī)質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染,技術(shù)難度更高,周期更長(zhǎng)。

高生產(chǎn)成本:生成GMP級(jí)別的慢病毒比質(zhì)粒載體要顯然更高,現(xiàn)已是其中一個(gè)限制基于慢病毒的CAR T細(xì)胞的臨床應(yīng)用發(fā)展的主要因素。

載體關(guān)鍵元件

CMV promoter: Human cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter. It drives transcription of viral RNA in packaging cells. This RNA is then packaged into live virus.

5' LTR-ΔU3: A deleted version of the HIV-1 5' long terminal repeat. In wildtype lentivirus, 5' LTR and 3' LTR are essentially identical in sequence. They reside on two ends of the viral genome and point in the same direction. Upon viral integration, the 3' LTR sequence is copied onto the 5' LTR. The LTRs carry both promoter and polyadenylation function, such that in wildtype virus, the 5' LTR acts as a promoter to drive the transcription of the viral genome, while the 3' LTR acts as a polyadenylation signal to terminate the upstream transcript. On our vector, 5' LTR-ΔU3 is deleted for a region that is required for the LTR's promoter activity normally facilitated by the viral transcription factor Tat. This does not affect the production of viral RNA during packaging because the promoter function is supplemented by the CMV promoter engineered upstream of Δ5' LTR.

Ψ: HIV-1 packaging signal required for the packaging of viral RNA into virus.

RRE: HIV-1 Rev response element. It allows the nuclear export of viral RNA by the viral Rev protein during viral packaging.

cPPT: HIV-1 central polypurine tract. It creates a "DNA flap" that increases nuclear importation of the viral genome during target cell infection. This improves vector integration into the host genome, resulting in higher transduction efficiency.

Promoter: The promoter driving your downstream CAR expression cassette is placed here. 

Kozak: Kozak consensus sequence. It is placed in front of the start codon of the ORF of interest because it is believed to facilitate translation initiation in eukaryotes.

CD8-leader: Leader signal peptide of T cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain. Directs transport and localization of the protein to the T cell surface. 

scFv: Single chain variable fragment derived from a monoclonal antibody of known specificity. Recognizes cells in an antigen-specific manner. 

Hinge: Extracellular hinge region of the CAR. Connects scFv with the transmembrane region providing stability and flexibility for efficient CAR expression and function; enhances efficiency of tumor recognition; improves expansion of CAR T cells. 

Transmembrane domain: Transmembrane domain of the CAR. Anchors the CAR to the plasma membrane and bridges the extracellular hinge as well as antigen recognition domains with the intracellular signaling region; enhances receptor expression and stability. 

Costimulatory domain: Intracellular costimulatory domain of the CAR. Improves overall survival, proliferation, and persistence of activated CAR T cells. 

CD3zeta: Intracellular domain of the T cell receptor-CD3ζ chain. Acts as a stimulatory molecule for activating T cell-mediated immune response. 

WPRE: Woodchuck hepatitis virus posttranscriptional regulatory element. It enhances viral RNA stability in packaging cells, leading to higher titer of packaged virus.

mPGK promoter: Mouse phosphoglycerate kinase 1 gene promoter. It drives the ubiquitous expression the downstream marker gene.

Marker: A drug selection gene (such as neomycin resistance), a visually detectable gene (such as EGFP), or a dual-reporter gene (such as EGFP/Neo). This allows cells transduced with the vector to be selected and/or visualized.

3' LTR-ΔU3: A truncated version of the HIV-1 3' long terminal repeat that deletes the U3 region. This leads to the self-inactivation of the promoter activity of the 5' LTR upon viral vector integration into the host genome (due to the fact that 3' LTR is copied onto 5' LTR during viral integration). The polyadenylation signal contained in 3' LTR-ΔU3 serves to terminates all upstream transcripts produced both during viral packaging and after viral integration into the host genome.

SV40 early pA: Simian virus 40 early polyadenylation signal. It further facilitates transcriptional termination after the 3' LTR during viral RNA transcription during packaging. This elevates the level of functional viral RNA in packaging cells, thus improving viral titer.

Ampicillin: Ampicillin resistance gene. It allows the plasmid to be maintained by ampicillin selection in E. coli.

pUC ori: pUC origin of replication. Plasmids carrying this origin exist in high copy numbers in E. coli.

點(diǎn)擊查看最新促銷活動(dòng)信息